This result suggests that certain trace memory and the environment established in the CA1. Using ssociative learning model, Parrott and others.

Showed that individual neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdale responded both CS and the United States only after it was learned the link between the CS and the United States. It is suggested that once the memory is encoded, are consolidated through off-line activity of nerve band (for example, the activity during rest or sleep when there is no CS or the United States). Maroon and others. [32] Compared the band activity of nerve cells in the hippocampus during the exploration period and then a period of rest following by using the method of catfish. The researchers found that the expression pattern of the arc during the rest period summarized in part that the exploration period. Hashikawa and others. [33] The extension of this idea through associative learning amygdale in fear conditioning using a model study showed that the amygdale neurons that expressed the arc during the re-conditioning also preferentially expressed arc during the following amenities. In addition to monitoring the Independent Evaluation Group products, and promoters for IEGs it can be used for the detection of nerve cells that are involved in learning. 

Reijimers and others. [34] perception-c positive using the Focused In modified mouse line genetically engineered neurons farmers 'organizations expressing beta-galactosidase (Lack) under the control of promoter-c farmers' organizations by TTA-Tito-system self enabled to study the impact of the memory of the memory of fear the tone in the amygdale (Figure 3). During the training, and was induced Lack in some neurons in the amygdale. Interestingly, it was the same Lack-positive cells also positive for Zif268 after memory retrieval, which indicates that the positive cells double- to fear memory codes. Been using a similar technique to induce the expression of manufactured newly receptor type AMPA glutamate (AMAP) selectively in neurons that have been activated during the formation of memory (i.e., C-Federal Bureau of Statistics activate nerve cells), which it was then translocated to certain types of spine dendrite [35]. Recent advances in fluorescent imaging techniques allow us to study the neurons that are involved in memory in living material. Was established mouse line that GFP knocked in the position of the arc promoter for this purpose, however, it can be confused experimental results of the phenotype caused by loss of homozygous genes bracket (for example, orientation specificity) [36]. Thus, the expression of fluorescent proteins that can circumvent this issue established [37-41] several modified mouse lines genetically with bracket or c faux lawns to pay. Signs of neurological difference using promoter TTA / TetOLacZ-TTA mouse c farmers' organizations. 

Mouse has two alleles are genetically modified. One allele encodes doxycycline tetracycline sensitive transactivator (TTA) under the control of the promoter c-farmer organizations. TTA connects the operator sequence tetracycline (Tito) to induce copies of the gene downstream, and the suppression of incitement by the presence of doxycycline activity. And the other expresses the transactivator secondary (TTA *) and tailback under the control of Tito. TTA * both sensitive to doxycycline and active materially and, therefore, expressed once, TTA * activates Tito regardless of doxycycline. Abdullah expressed gain exclusively in nerve cells where the promoter is activated c farmers' organizations and technology transfer. However, in the presence of doxycycline, it is turning TTA activity, and thus prevents interaction with Tito. B. After the withdrawal of doxycycline, is activated TTA and connects to toot to induce the expression of TTA * the protein in neurons activated c tailback Federal Bureau of Statistics (purple). C. After the administration of doxycycline, TTA becomes inactivated again, but also TTA * still exists, it can maintain the expression of tailback through the activation of Tito in the ring positive feedback. This system allowing for permanent signs of neurons activated even in the absence of doxycycline. Induction of expression of c farmers' organizations to adapt indicates that there is a relationship between the activation of neurological and memory cells, but it does not necessarily prove that the c-Federal Statistical Office expressing neurons memory encoding. Keya and others. [42] presented evidence that c-Census Bureau Federal expression of neurological difference in the nucleus acumens are involved in the memory associated with a specific context trace (CS) with cocaine administration (the United States). For the study, which used a combination of c-fu promoter Lack transgenic mice and Daun02, prod rug which can be converted to daunorubicin by Lack? 

Daunorubicin inhibits neuronal activity by reducing the CA2 + action potentials dependent [42-44]. Using this consensual approach, activated c-Federal Bureau of Statistics nerve cells (neurons any positive Lack) can be selectively inactivated inject able Daun02. In their studies, and learning-induced expression memory context management of drug-c farmers' organizations in neurological difference in the nucleus acumens of rats. Subsequent management of Daun02 reduced cocaine-induced psychological awareness of the specific context, stressing that the nerve cells that have been activated during learning also participated in the retrieval of memory that context is associated with cocaine administration. Using the same C-food Lack mice, BOSSERT and others. Neurological difference I found that brokered a setback caused by the context to heroin addiction in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex [45]. These results indicate that the promoter c-fu can be used to develop a genetically marked nerve band involved in memory encoding. Recently, Garner and others. [46] To generate the effect of artificial memory reported by tagging nerve cells genetically-c prairie farmers' organizations activated. They used mouse line double-transgenic expressed and acquisition of technology under the control of the promoter-c transfer of farmers' organizations and developed protein-coupled receptors G (hM3Dq) under the tetracycline response element (Tri).

 HM3Dq produces polarization neurons in response to Klozaban- N- oxide (CNO) injection (Fig. 4A, B) [47]. In mice, and it can be expressed hM3Dq as a sign of a pattern of localization of neuronal activity (i.e. the pattern of activation of the promoter c-fu) in a certain period of time (i.e. outside Doxycycline period). First, the mice exposed to the context of the novel, and the context thousand (Tax), to induce tagging nerve cells that were active in particular in the context of (Figure 4C, left). Second, the mice exposed to the context of another novel, Cox, where the foot shock (US), and injecting the CNO (to activate hM3Dq - and thus Tax neurons encoding) were administered (Fig. 4C, center), and thus can be associated information Tax + Cox with shock foot. Finally, the mice showed a freeze only when signed by injection drug Czechoslovak (pseudo Tax) and exposure to Cox at one time (Fig. 4C, right), but not when the injection was given CNO's exposure and Cox alone. The result indicates that rats create a hybrid memory "synthetic" from Tax pandemic. Using the same promoter TTA mouse line c Federal Statistics Office in combination with the viral delivery of TRE-channelrhodopsin, Liu et al. [48] showed that the optical nerve reactivate the band involved in memory encoding in the dentate gyros was enough to retrieve the fear memory (Fig. 4A, D, E). 

More importantly, it was not due to recover when the nerve band was not associated with the United States (i.e. foot shock), which indicates the presence of a strong causal relationship between the expression of c-Federal Bureau of Statistics in neurons and the Association of context and shock (please see section 3 for studies Others use optics genetic approach). Specific activation of neurological difference that encode memory. Two studies used the same meadows TTA mouse line c Federal Bureau of Statistics, as shown in Figure 3. B. The first study, which used the TTA to induce expression hM3Dq under the control of doxycycline. Jim Initially, the mice exposed to the context thousand (Tax) in the absence of doxycycline. The expression is associated with neurological hM3Dq resulting cells that responded when exposed to Tax. After that, the rats were conditioned fear in the context of B (Cox) and injected with the CNO to activate neurons that express hM3Dq and summarize the pattern of neuronal activity that existed during the previous exposure Tax. In the final test session, the rats exposed for Cox with or without injection of CNO. Interestingly, injection CNO only the rats were able to show the memory recall (by displaying behavior freeze). D This study used the common curriculum consists of farmers-c mice promoter organizations TTA and AAV vectors carrying the gene expression cassette for ChR2 under the control of Tito. E. First, and accustomed to the mice's Tax dish mild stimulation. The mice doxycycline under management at this stage. He said that the mice do not freeze during this phase, stressing that the stimulus of light alone does not cause freezing. After that, the withdrawal of doxycycline to enhance the expression of ChR2 under the control of the promoter c-farmer organizations. Then, the rats were conditioned to fear Cox.